亚洲最大铅锌矿——三阶段叠加成矿的金顶巨型铅锌矿床
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国家地质实验测试中心

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国土资源大调查项目(121201105000150003、12120113002500)和国家自然科学基金项目(41072073)


Asian Largest LeadZinc Ore Deposit: the Jinding Giant PbZn Deposit by Three Stages Superimposed Mineralization
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National Research Center for Geoanalysis

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    摘要:

    云南兰坪金顶铅锌矿,作为亚洲最大的铅锌矿床,是三阶段成矿作用叠加的产物:第一阶段,是位于T1双峰式火山岩组合之上的三叠纪三合洞组时期(T3s)碳酸盐岩中的海相热水沉积型(MSEDEXtype)闪锌矿-方铅矿±天青石±菱铁矿矿床组合,分布于兰坪盆地西侧。第二阶段,晚白垩世-古新世陆相湖盆中的热水沉积型(CSEDEX type)矿床,是晚白垩世至古新世时期 (~110Ma,~65Ma), 挤压形成的高山应力转向伸展而形成的深的断陷湖盆(“高山深盆”)中,沿同生断裂(沘江断裂)喷流形成块状硫化物堆积于陆相红色砂岩盆地中形成的矿床,湖盆中靠沘江断裂一侧,大小不等灰岩角砾堆积于山麓,向西砾径逐渐变小,数量减少,直至湖盆西侧灰岩角砾消失变为正常湖相红色砂岩沉积;并且湖盆中的硫化物沉积出现温度控制的分带现象,北东侧架崖山、北厂一带以细粒闪锌矿为主,南西侧南厂、白草坪一带以细粒方铅矿为主。第三阶段,新近纪时期中-低温热液成矿作用。受到青藏高原东端逃逸挤压,兰坪盆地东侧中生代地层大规模向西逆冲推覆,甚至推覆体该在金顶湖盆上形成穹隆,将先前形成的金顶陆相湖盆中的铅锌矿封盖起来;同时,将三合洞组灰岩中MSEDEX型层控铅锌矿±天青石矿层倒转推挤之穹隆北东侧的跑马坪一带;在中-上新世时期出现挤压后的伸展转换,伴随伸展盆地的形成和深部热液的上涌(在东侧维西-通甸断裂内甚至拉出大量的粗面质火山岩+碱性玄武质火山岩),再次沿沘江断裂上升的深部热液沿次级断裂、裂隙输送至矿质丰富的穹隆内,含矿热卤水使众多的灰岩角砾遭受氧化卤水交代,在角砾边部形成石膏-硫化物壳层,同时,铅锌组分活化迁移至逆冲推覆岩片中高孔隙度的景星组(K1j)砂岩中大量聚集,形成浅成低温热液型(Epithermaltype)的砂岩容矿的铅锌矿。其结果,导致金顶穹隆有限的空间内,形成“三世同堂”的奇异景观,但各个世代的铅锌矿和硫酸盐具有不同的硫同位素特征,三合洞组时期的MSEDEX型铅锌-天青石矿,δ34S值在+79‰~+2112‰,显示出硫主要来自于海水硫酸盐的特征;晚白垩世-古新世时期的CSEDEX型含灰岩角砾的细粒铅锌矿的δ34S值在-549‰~ -10‰,显示出很大的变化范围,主要为负值,生物作用参与的特征明显;新近纪砂岩容矿的铅锌矿δ34S值在-22‰~+35‰,显示出深源硫为主的特征。这正是亚洲最大铅锌矿床形成的秘籍所在——特殊构造演化下的多期叠加成矿作用使矿质在有限空间内聚集。

    Abstract:

    The Jinding leadzinc deposit, as Asia’s largest PbZn deposit, is a result of superposition of three stages of mineralization. Stage 1, the Triassic Sanhedong Formation is located above the Lower Triassic bimodel volcanic assemblage, marine faciesSEDEX type, (MSEDEX) sphaleritegalena±celestine±siderite deposit assemblage, and distributed in the west side of the Lanping basin. Stage2, the Late Cretaceous to Paleocene continental lacustrinefacies basinSEDEX type, (CSEDEX) ore deposit, is the Late Cretaceous and Paleocene period (~110Ma, ~65Ma), within “the high mountaindeep basin” formed by stress transformation from compressional to transpressional, resulted in the deep faultdepression lacustrine basin, along the side near the Bijiang Fault, the syngenetic fault, there occur formations of massive sulfides in Continentalfacies red sandstone basin, limestone breccia with varying accumulating in the foothills, getting smaller in size and reducing westward, getting into normal lacustrine red sandstone deposition; And in the lacustrine basin, sulfide deposition with zonation by temperaturecontrolling: at the northeast side of the basin, from Jiayashan to Beichang, mainly occur the finegrained sphalerites, while the southwest side, at the NanchangBeicaoping area, mainly occur finegrained galena. Stage 3, Neogene epithermal mineralization. Experiencing the thrusting and escaping at the eastern Tibet Plateau, the Mesozoic strata of the east Lanping basin were thrust from the east side to the west, the nappes even covering over the basin, forming the Jinding dome, sealing the previous leadzinc depositions in continentalfacies basin; meanwhile, elevating MSEDEX leadzinc deposit + celestine sequences within the Triassic Sanhedong Formation limestones westward over the dome, at the Paomaping area; by transformation of the stress form compression to transpressionextension during Pliocene, the stretching basin is formed and deep hydrothermal upwelling (in the WeixiTongdian Faul at the east side of the basin, the extension of the basin even producing the volumable trachytic volcanic rocks plus alkaline basaltic volcanic rocks), leading to the deep hydrothermal fluids fill along the Bijiang Fault and the subfaults or fractures transported into the dome with ample mineral, the orebearing hot brines replaced the limestone breccia with sulfate forming of gypsumsulfide breccia shell around the limestone breccia; at the same time, activated lead and zinc components and migrated to the thrust nappe with high porosity, the Jingxing Formation sandstone (K1j), formed the epithermal type (Epithermal type) of sandstonehosted leadzinc deposits. As a result, within the limited space of the Jinding dome presents the splendid scene of “three generations in the same room”. However, each generation of leadzinc (±sulfates) mineralization with different sulfur isotope characteristics: the Triassic Sanhedong stage MSEDEX leadzincselestine, has δ34S value in +10‰~+21‰, showing the characteristics of sulfur mainly from seawater sulfate; Late Cretaceous to Paleocene CSEDEX type finegrained leadzinc deposit (containing limestone breccia) has δ34S value -51‰ ~ 0‰, with a large range, involved in the characteristics of obwious biological effects; and Neogene sandstonehosted type leadzinc deposit, has δ34S value in -2‰~+5 ‰, showing the sulfur isotopic characteristics of deep source. It is the special tectonic evolution process, multistage mineralization superimposed and concentrated in a limited space that resulted in the formation of the Asia’s largest PbZn deposit.

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曾普胜,李红,李延河,王兆全,温利刚,刘斯文.2016.亚洲最大铅锌矿——三阶段叠加成矿的金顶巨型铅锌矿床[J].地质学报,90(9):2384-2398.
ZENG Pusheng, LI Hong, LI Yanhe, WANG Zhaoquan, WEN Ligang, LIU Siwen.2016. Asian Largest LeadZinc Ore Deposit: the Jinding Giant PbZn Deposit by Three Stages Superimposed Mineralization[J]. Acta Geologica Sinica,90(9):2384-2398.

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  • 收稿日期:2016-05-01
  • 最后修改日期:2016-05-04
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  • 在线发布日期: 2016-10-09
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